Landslide is a general term used to describe the down-slope movement of soil, rock and organic materials under the influence of gravity (Varnes , 1984).
There are three major causes that create the occurrence of landslides – Geology, Morphology and Human activity.
Geological Causes
Geology refers to characteristics of the material itself. The earth or rock might be weak or fractured, or different layers may have different strengths and stiffness.
Morphological Causes
Morphology refers to the structure of the land. For example, slopes that lose their vegetation to fire or drought are more vulnerable to landslides. Vegetation holds the soil in a place and without the root system of trees, bushes, and other plants, the land is more likely to slide away or eroded by the rainfall. Other causes are: Climatic conditions, Earthquakes, Weathering, Erosion, Volcanoes, Forest fires and Gravity.
Human Activities
Human activities like agriculture and construction can increase the risk of a landslide. Mining activities utilizing blasting techniques contribute extremely to landslides. Vibration produced from the blasts weakens soils in nearby areas and make the land susceptible to landslides.
Types of Landslides
There are many ways to describe a landslide. The nature of a landslide’s movement and the type of material involved are two of the most common.
Landslide Movement: There are several ways of describing how a landslide moves. These include falls, topples, translational slides, lateral spreads, and flows.
In falls and topples, heavy blocks of material fall after separating from a very steep slope or cliff. For example, Boulder tumbling down a slope would be a fall or topple.
A lateral spread or flow is the movement of material sideways, or laterally. This happens when a powerful force, such as an earthquake, makes the ground move quickly, like a liquid.
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping and Analysis
Landslides are one of the major disasters that occur in hilly region. They are unpredictable by nature and thus their analysis is complex to study. RS and GIS tools can be of utmost importance in analyzing the effect of factors on which the occurrence of a landslide event depends.
The definition of “Landslide Hazard Map” includes “zonation showing annual probability of landslide occurring throughout an area” (USGS). A landslide susceptibility map is a basic concept of landslide susceptibility (Radbruch 1970; Dobrovolny 1971; Brabb and Pampeyan 1972) includes the spatial distribution of factors related to the instability processes in order to determine zones of landslide-prone areas without any temporal implication. This approach is useful for areas where it is difficult to secure enough information concerning the historical record of landslide events ranks the slope stability of an area in categories that range from stable to unstable. Susceptibility maps show where landslides may occur.
Methodology Selection:
First the objective of the study is defined. Danger exists that the data that will be collected will not be in accordance with the scale of analysis, or the method of analysis. This might lead to a waste of time and money if too detailed data is collected, or an oversimplification if too general data is collected.
The following things should be considered:
-The objective of the study
-The scale of the study
-The type of analysis that will be followed
-The types of input data that will be collected
Defining Objective:
Landslide hazard studies can be made for many different purposes. Some of these might be:
-For an environmental impact study for engineering works;
-For the disaster management of a town or city;
-For the modeling of sediment yield in a catchment;
-For a watershed management project;
-For a community participation project in disaster management;
-For the generation of awareness among decision makers;
-For scientific purposes
-Each of the above objectives will lead to specific requirements with respect to the scale of work, the method of analysis and the type and detail of input data to be collected
Scales of Analysis
National scale:
Smaller than 1:1.000.000, covering an entire country, mainly intended to generate awareness among decision makers and the general public. Maps on this scale are often intended to be included in national atlases.
Regional scale:
Between 1:100.000 and 1:1.000.000, covering a large catchment area, or a political entity of the country. The maps at this scale are mostly intended for observation phases for planning projects for the construction of infrastructural works, or agricultural development projects.
Medium scale
Between 1:25.000 and 1:100.000, covering a municipality or smaller catchment area. Intended for the detailed planning phases of projects for the construction of infrastructural works, environmental impact assessment and municipal planning
Large scale
Between 1:2.000 and 1:25.000, covering a town or (part of) a city .They are used for disaster prevention and generation of risk maps, as well as for the design phase of engineering works.
Site investigation scale
Between 1:200 to 1:2000, covering the area where engineering works will be carried out, or covering a single landslide. They are used for the detailed design of engineering works, such as roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, and for the construction of slope stabilization works.
Hazard Zonation
Slope instability hazard zonation is defined as:
The mapping of areas with an equal probability of occurrence of landslides within a specified period of time (Varnes, 1984)
A landslide hazard zonation consists of two different aspects:
The assessment of the susceptibility of the terrain for a slope failure, in which the susceptibility of the terrain for a hazardous process expresses the likelihood that such a phenomenon occurs under the given terrain conditions or parameters.
The determination of the probability that a triggering event occurs.
Often slope instability hazard assessment uses the assumption:
Conditions which led in the past to slope failures, will also result in potential unstable conditions in the present.
Direct/Indirect Hazard Mapping:
Direct hazard mapping:
Experience driven applied geo-morphological approach, where the earth scientist evaluates the direct relationship between the landslides and the geo-morphological and geological setting during the survey at the site of the failure.
Indirect hazard mapping:
The mapping of a large number of parameters and the (statistical or deterministic) analysis of all these possible contributing factors in relation to the occurrence of slope instability phenomena, determining in this way the relation between the terrain conditions and the occurrence of landslides. Based on the results of this analysis statements are made regarding the conditions under which slope failures occur.