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Gisat is a member of the European consortia working in the MELODIES project that focuses on diverse sources of Open Data to develop new applications and technologies using the latest technologies in cloud computing and data-handling.

The outputs of the project will be eight new environmental services built using Open Data. These are products and/or applications that span a range of domains including agriculture, urban ecosystems, land use management, marine information, desertification, crisis management and hydrology. A different organisation leads the development of each of these applications, building on previous experiences in their sector. The MELODIES project is also building the technical foundation underneath each of these services. The project will build a collaborative platform providing cloud computing, Linked Data and visualization components that the services can exploit and assemble, reducing technical barriers to development and deployment.

Gisat is responsible for the Urban ecosystem accounting service, which focuses on the practical implementation of the Linked Data approach to unlock the huge potential of complex datasets from Copernicus services, the Open Data Initiative, sensors and volunteered geographic information (VGI) and deliver the knowledge to effectively support urban planning activities. An ecosystem accounting framework will be applied allowing user friendly exploration of integrated spatial and socio-economic data. A user interface will apply innovative scalable live-components concept based on recent achievements in web based data presentation, data driven documents and infographics. This service will develop methodologies, tool and services for transparent integration of huge amounts of urban related spatial and non-spatial data (including EO and Copernicus products) as linked open data in an intuitive environment for analysis and multi-criteria decision making support providing users with better insight into consequences of urban planning scenarios or development options.

MELODIES project is coordinated by the University of Reading (UK). It has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2013-2016). For more information please visit project web site

Gisat provides wide range of geoinformation services based on Earth Observation technology. It focuses on operational application of satellite mapping to monitor various aspects of our environment and development of dedicated web based platforms for geoinformation analysis and assessment Web // E-mail // Tel:+420 271741935 // Fax: +420 271741936

DROMAS project is based on an innovative approach for monitoring and assessment of the risk and prevention of damage caused by agricultural drought.

The economic damage caused by drought in Czech agriculture is huge and still growing. These damages can be quantified both in agricultural sector (losses in agricultural production) as well as in the case of state administration (compensation paid to farmers). Still there is not paid sufficient attention to this issue and effective tools for monitoring drought, for an objective quantification of damages or for the design and implementation of preventive measures are missing. Information on the development and the possible drought threat is based solely on meteorological data, while the real agriculture conditions of vegetation and soil moisture are not yet monitored at all.

The objective of the DROMAS (Agricultural DROught Monitoring and Assessment driven by Satellites) project is to assess the technical feasibility and the commercial viability of the proposed agricultural drought monitoring service. Integration of meteorological data, vegetation canopy indicators based on satellite imagery and targeted collection of ground truth soil moisture data will allow operational monitoring focused on identification and development of agricultural drought throughout the growing season. At the same time it will be possible to elaborate the risk analysis of drought threats in different regions of the Czech Republic as well as analysis and design of specific adaptation measures for the prevention of damage in the future.

DROMAS project is supported by the ESA ARTES Integrated Applications Programme (IAPARTES element 20). The project team is coordinated by Gisat and includes two additional partners – Czech University of Life Sciences and EKOTOXA.

Gisat provides wide range of geoinformation services based on Earth Observation technology. It focuses on operational application of satellite mapping to monitor various aspects of our environment and development of dedicated web based platforms for geoinformation analysis and assessment Web // E-mail // Tel:+420 271741935 // Fax: +420 271741936

The Remote Sensing Application Center – ReSAC has organized a training seminar on 17th of Dec. 2013 to present the services developed in the frame of the EUFODOS Project, FP7 financed project, which aims at development of Forest Downstream Services for improved information on forest structure and damages.

Remote Sensing Application Center – ReSAC as a project partner has developed several services for the Executive Forest Agencies (EFA), Bulgaria which will support the agency in its activities and reporting duties.

The seminar was attended by more than 20 experts and decision makers from a number of regional departments of the EFA, from State Forest Enterprises and National Parks administrations. All the participants in the training seminar received certificates for attendance, as well as all the reports delivered during the project runtime together with the digital products developed by ReSAC.


Fig. 1: Participants from forest authorities attended the training seminar on ReSAC Services of EUFODOS – 17th of Dec 2013.

The training covered also the current state of the Copernicus and Galileo programme and details on the future Sentinels and how these technologies could support forest management. The new Common Agricultural Policy and its relation to forest sector was also discussed.

The main focus on the training was a detailed description on the Forest Downstream Services which ReSAC has developed in EUFODOS to a state ready for commercial exploitation.

During the lifetime of the project and after the first phase when the demo products were delivered, the User drafted its user requirements, hence the final services which were agreed are: Forest Inventory Service divided to: P-01-1 Forest Area Map; P-01-2 Forest Type Map; P-02 Forest Change Map; P-03 Forest Density Map. The services for damage assessment are as follows: Forest Disasters Service; P-05-1 Reference Map (Forest Cover Map and Forest Type Map); P-05-2 Damage Extent Map (Fire Extent Map, Storm Extent Map and Insect Infestation Extent Map); P-05-3 Detailed Damage Map (Crown/Surface Fire Map, Storm/Snowbreak Damage Map and Insect Infestation Damage Map); P-05-4 Additional products (Combination of the EO products with cadastral information).

All the demonstration products were developed in several territories in Bulgaria where natural disasters in the forest territories has occurred: Area 1 – Gostun Village, West Rhodopy Mountain; Area 2 – Tran, Breznik, Zemen Forestries, West Bulgaria; Area 3 – Sredec Forestry, Strandzha Mountain; Area 4 – Nature Park Vitosha, Vitosha Mountain; Area 5 – Koprivstitsa Town; Sredna Gora Mountain; Area 6 – Silistra Municipality, North East Bulgaria; and Area 6 – Danube Plain.


Fig. 2: Location of the test sites for which Downstream Forest Services were developed from ReSAC and delivered to the User.

The processing chains are implemented in the RS/GIS software of ReSAC, and are ready to work with the available EO data, but on the other hand ReSAC is waiting for the Sentinels data to offer its customers high quality cost effective downstream forest services.

Details on the services specifications could be found on the EUFODOS webpage:
http://www.eufodos.info/
or contacting directly ReSAC at: resac@techno-link.com

For more information:
http://www.resac-bg.org

DEIMOS-2 high resolution Earth observation satellite is scheduled for launch in the second quarter 2014. ELECNOR-Deimos Group, in addition to the satellite definition, integration and testing, has been responsible for the complete development of DEIMOS-2 ground segment.
DEIMOS-2 Ground Segment is based on the gs4EO suite of products. These state-of-the-art products are the result of more than a decade of work for the European Space Agency, specially evolved for supporting small Earth Observation missions.

gs4EO ground segment is built using a combination of 4EO products, working in a coherent and synchronized way, although all of them can also be used as independent applications. Each application communicates with the remaining GS using file based interfaces, easing its integration with other external solutions.

Each of them is controlled by means of advanced user interfaces, in many cases web-based, and can be operated remotely. They are also highly configurable, using XML files.

Their main characteristics of gs4EO can be summarized as follows:

  • State-of-the art.
  • Proven operationally at ESA
  • Flexibility. Scalability. User Friendly.
  • Designed for maximising S/C return

These products are already being used in different ESA and Spanish Governmental missions, like plan4EO or monitor4EO, used by Sentinel-2, of archive4EO, process4EO and calval4EO in Ingenio/SEOSAT, and all of them are the basis for the Ground Segment of our own missions, DEIMOS-1 and DEIMOS-2.

DEIMOS-2 Ground Segment includes the complete on-ground facilities to control, monitor and commercially exploit the mission.

DEIMOS-2 Ground Segment is developed according to the following main drivers:

  • Limit the GS development and operation costs ensuring that the required mission objectives can be fulfilled by relaying in standard and open source components when possible.
  • Use DEIMOS’ know-how and expertise from previous Earth Observation projects and studies. Re-use existing DEIMOS’ assets.
  • Create an integrated system that can be operated with the minimum number of personnel and as automatic as possible.
  • Implement an open and flexible architecture to ensure its expandability and its portability to future missions, as well as its integrability with external applications

It has been developed using the gs4EO suite of products.


Figure 1: Deimos-2 Ground Segment High Level Architecture

Thanks to its modular design, the gs4EO suite of products can be used to customize the ground segment according to the customer’s requirements: various individual products can be assembled in different ways to implement different deployment configurations. This modularity also provides extraordinary flexibility in order to accommodate more than one Earth Observation mission in the ground segment, with different levels of integration.

The deployment shown above is the most typical set-up of all the GS elements, providing all the ground segment capabilities required by the mission. With this solution, customers would mainly access the S/C resources via the User Services, and all data downlink and processing would be performed in the single “central” ground segment (CGS).

It is possible to provide customers with their own Ground Stations and/or Data Processing and Archiving capabilities. Here we find different increasingly complex ground station concepts that can be summarized in two main categories: a VRS (Virtual Receiving Station) or a DRS (Direct Receiving Station).

The Virtual Receiving Station (VRS) is a system conceived for customers who do not have a receiving antenna, or do not want to receive data of a specific satellite. In this scheme, the acquisitions can be planned by the customer, but the data is downloaded at the “central” premises (e.g. DEIMOS ones), and then delivered as fast as possible to the customer. Processing can be done at customer or DEIMOS premises, depending on the selected option.

The Direct Receiving Station (DRS) is a full-fledged ground segment conceived for customers who have a receiving antenna. In this scheme, the acquisitions can be planned by the customer, data is downloaded at customer premises, and can then be processed and archived within the user ground segment.

There are different levels of integration between the User Services and Mission Planning systems of the VRS/DRS and the Central Ground Segment. In its most basic solution, the customer will use the user4EO at its premises, to perform feasibility studies, identify possible acquisitions opportunities, and request (via e-mail) the images to the operator’s CGS. The next step is to use the advanced user4EO module, allowing the operator to perform image acquisition request assessment with automatic connection to the central plan4EO system that will provide automatic feedback about the request acceptance and status.

In the most advanced solution, the customer is provided with a complete User Services and Mission Planning system that would allow the customer to, based on the commercial exploitation agreements, have full freedom in the use of the allocated S/C resources. The customer system is of course connected to the CGS Mission Planning where a highly sophisticated optimization algorithm is used to ensure the customer agreements are fulfilled, maximizing the overall mission return.


Figure 2: Advanced Direct Receiving Station

Many gs4EO components have multi-mission capabilities that allow the integration within the GS of third party missions. The clearest example is the inclusion, within the VRS or DRS of other satellite acquisition and data processing chains. The archive component allows the storage of data from different satellites and the integration effort will depend on the specific interfaces of the third party missions. Typically:

  • Interface with the third party Central Ground Stations, to send acquisition requests, get G/S pass schedule, and receive orbital and other auxiliary (e.g. calibration) data. Although user4EO is designed to include new S/C with relative low effort, it is also possible to accommodate third party user services and adapt interfaces to connect to other VRS/DRS 4EO components (e.g. catalogue). track4EO can support multiple downlink requests from different S/C.
  • Interface with the data processors. Although process4EO implements standard interfaces at ESA, it might be needed some encapsulation and modifications to trigger the third party processors.
  • Interface between S/C and G/S, that may require dedicated HW

The following is an example of integration with another mission:


Figure 3: Multi-mission Direct Receiving Station (DRS)

Source Elecnor Deimos

Plagues of locusts that destroy crop yields cause stark devastation and threaten food security across North Africa every year.

DMC International Imaging (DMCii) has been helping to monitor and tackle the locusts, alongside their colleagues at the Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) in coordination with the National Institute for Plant protection (INPV).

DMCii’s 22m resolution, multispectral satellite images can help to predict the location of the locusts’ breeding grounds accurately, where the swarms have been and where they are most likely to head towards.

A satellite imagery campaign, beginning before the summer months, assessed the condition of the vegetation, this was then analysed alongside weather forecasts to create locust forecasts and focus the application of pesticides to prevent the spread of swarms.

The images below were captured by the DMC constellation UK-DMC 2 satellite on the 26th September. The red is healthy green vegetation, which allows DMCii to work alongside ASAL to track the locust plague’s movements.

Each swarm can contain billions of locusts, and each one can eat its weight in food every day. This makes for a devastating effect on crops, as they can strip whole fields in minutes.

Dave Hodgson, the Managing Director of DMCii, said: “Food security is an ongoing effort for DMCii and tackling locust plagues in Algeria with our colleagues at ASAL is one way we can use our satellite imagery for benefit of the people on the ground.”

Source DMCii

Paris, France 7th January 2014 – In 2013 AeroGRID added 1.5 million km² of high resolution aerial orthophotos of Europe to its WMS servers and now provides access to 25 countries and 4.6 million km².

The comprehensive metadata with detailed accuracy specifications mean that users can be confident the imagery will provide a sound basis for their projects, at a very affordable price. A further 850,000 km² of territory is ready to be added to this significant online resource.

“AeroGRID’s WMS archive is by far the most extensive resource of up-to-date high resolution, high accuracy, aerial photography of Europe currently available,” said Miles Taylor AeroGRID’s General Manager. In addition our servers are fast and resilient, delivering performance and peace of mind.

“The terms we offer bring imagery costs per km² down to a level where European GIS users can now easily afford to add AeroGRID WMS as their accurate base data resource,” continued Taylor.

Current WMS access is available for the following countries:Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Kosovo, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland (part), Portugal, Serbia (part), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine

Coverage of the following countries can be made available on request:Albania, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Estonia, Georgia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia (full), Slovakia, Slovenia

About AeroGRID

AeroGRID is a one-stop-shop for international archived aerial and satellite imagery providing speedy access to aerial photography from over 60 countries with off-the-shelf high resolution satellite orthophotos for many others. By marshalling an impressive network of partner’s survey aircraft and high resolution digital cameras AeroGRID is able to extend its coverage around the world. Much of this extensive image library is now available via WMS with WFS metadata, the standard protocols for streaming georeferenced data over the Internet to web based applications, GIS and CAD software.

www.aerogrid.net
For further information please contact: Miles Taylor
T: + 33 671 156 116 // E: info@aerogrid.net

(13 December 2013) The European Space Agency’s (ESA) processing, archiving and dissemination system for Landsat 8 is now operating from the Matera satellite receiving station in southern Italy.

Since the summer the so-called LDCM Central Infrastructure Facility (CIF) has been operating from Spacemetric’s premises near Stockholm, Sweden. Landsat 8 data has been ingested from European ground stations, processed and made available on the data portal, typically well within the target 3 hours of the near real-time service. But with winter approaching the hardware and software has been shipped to more southerly latitudes.

It was always planned that the CIF would be hosted at a ground receiving station and the move was the subject of much planning during the autumn. To be able to ship the operational system Spacemetric set up and operated a copy in the interim that ensured continuity of product processing and data access services. With shipping to Italy and rebuild completed the operational system was brought back online in early December.

The move was completed successfully and well before the Christmas deadline. The final irony was the snow that fell in Matera while the Spacemetric team was on site – so much for flying south for the winter!

Source

(28 November 2013) Indra has closed an agreement with the European Space Agency to host the main processing and archiving centre for the images of the Sentinel-2 mission at its facilities and take charge of its operation.


The company will use its facilities to host all the infrastructure of the new ESA centre, which will enter into service in 2014
Indra will store 1,000 terabytes of new images per year
This contract consolidates Indra’s position as a satellite data processing and archiving manager

This contract will strengthen the consultancy and technology multinational’s position as an operator of Earth observation image processing centres, consolidating its portfolio of solutions and services in the space sector. The company is the leader in the development of ground segments in Spain and has vast experience in Earth observation systems and applications.

The Sentinel satellites form part of the Copernicus Earth Observation Programme, previously known as GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), which will equip Europe with its own Earth observation capacity to serve the needs of its users.

The processing and archiving centre will be located at Indra’s facilities in San Fernando de Henares (Madrid) and will enter into service in September 2014, coinciding with the launch of the Sentinel-2. The centre may be expanded and accommodate also the data from another satellite, Sentinel-2B, to be launched in 2016 (another 1000TB per year).

These satellites, which will follow a polar orbit, will capture high resolution images in 13 bands in the visible and infrared part of the spectrum. They have a design lifetime of 7 years, although they have been prepared to allow the mission to be extended for a further 5 years.

Indra’s specialist Earth observation team will undertake the complete management and operation of the centre, including the processing of the images and their distribution to the end users.

Indra will also be responsible for the long-term storage of the data. Each year up to 1,000 terabytes of new images will be archived. The company will store this information at its advanced Data Processing Centre in San Fernando de Henares, which currently covers a surface area of 5,000 square metres and provides an uninterrupted service level of 99.98%.

Additionally, Indra’s role as the manager and operator of the Sentinel-2 Processing and Archiving Centre will place the company in an excellent position to offer new customised services to its customers using any of the European Space Agency’s Sentinel satellites (Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-3 and in the future Sentinels 4 and 5). Based on the information extracted from the images, it will be able to offer high value-added services to end users in the fields of the environment, agriculture, land use, emergencies, water management, forestry activity, etc.

Images to support the decision-making process

Indra has many years of experience in the scope of Earth observation. The company markets value-added images and services in national and international projects. In 2012, it strengthened this line of business by forming an alliance with RapidEye to gain access to its constellation of five satellites.

These images provide an enormous amount of information. For example, in the field of natural resource management it can be used to study the evolution of crops, provide advance data on their production, estimate damage due to adverse phenomena and determine the water demand that irrigation zones will require.

In addition to its role as an Earth observation services provider Indra has significant experience in the development of ground segments for this type of satellite. Indra is leading the development of the systems that will manage and control the Ingenio optical satellite and the Paz radar satellite, which are to be deployed within the Spanish National Plan for Earth Observation.

It was also commissioned by the Ministry of Defence to implement and provide maintenance and operational support for the systems to receive and process the images from the Helios and Pleiades satellite programmes developed by France and Spain. Furthermore, it led the deployment of the ground segment of the SMOS mission to study the water cycle of the Earth, developed by the European Space Agency.

Within GMES, Indra has participated in projects for the definition of urban, security and emergency, and land use products, and for the supply of reference layers such as the Digital Terrain Model, hydrography and grasslands (GMES Urban Services, BOSS4GMES, GEOLAND2, SAFER, G-MOSAIC, G-SEXTANT, G-NEXT, Initial GMES Service for Geospatial Reference Data Access, GIO-Land and GIO-Emergency projects).

Press release

International NGOs and the UN will bring aid in the field using disaster maps issued by the the European Commission’s Copernicus Emergency Management Service soon after Typhoon Haiyan violently struck the Philippines on the 8th of November. The first damage assessment maps show the most affected areas of Tacloban City.


e-GEOS is the Service Provider of the Emergency Management Service funded by DG Enterprise within the Copernicus Programme.
e-GEOS operates as the producer of the maps, leading an international team that includes GAF (Germany), ITHACA (Italy) and SIRS (France).

The production teams have been working day and night to perform geospatial analysis of the newly acquired satellite data over Tacloban city, and the regions including Ormoc and Cebu, Cadiz, Kabancalan, Iloilo and Roxas City. All map and vector products produced are accessible through the Copernicus Emergency Management Portal

“European satellite resources have been used to support the needed assistance to local authorities,” said European Commission vice-president Antonio Tajani, who is now in Vietnam.

The World Food Program and UN OCHA as well as the World Bank and the European Union DG ECHO, who are coordinating humanitarian aid in the countries affected, confirm that the Copernicus Emergency Management Service — triggered soon after the typhoon struck — brings important benefits by providing impact assessments from satellite images and geospatial analysis to facilitate disaster management.

Less than six hours after Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines, the e-GEOS Emergency Team was in action.


before

after

The Emergency Crisis Room was activated at 6:00 UTC on November 8, since when some 30 maps have been produced by the combined efforts of the e-GEOS Emergency Management Team, with others from GAF in Germany and ITHACA in Turin, with 25 people working day and night.

Thanks to the acquisition of Very-High-Resolution optical imagery, it was possible to provide highly detailed data for damage assessment in several towns, and of individual buildings in Tacloban City.

The The European Response Coordination Centre of the European Commission has requested further activations in other areas affected by the disaster, in particular in the area of Hernani. The production of maps and other emergency products is ongoing.

For more than 10 years, e-GEOS has operated in the area of Emergency Management Services.

e-GEOS offers a complete catalogue of services in the Emergency and Early Warning domain, with product categories adapted to the various phases of the Emergency Management cycle . e-GEOS collaborates with the Italian Civil Protection, European Civil Protection authorities and other organizations intervening in the various phases of emergencies, pre- and post-event.

The experience of e-GEOS in these fields dates back over many years of implementing such services within FP7- Copernicus (formerly GMES) projects SAFER and G-MOSAIC

e-GEOS leverages COSMO-SkyMed capabilities. With privileged access to satellite tasking, e-GEOS can plan a COSMO-SkyMed acquisition in less than 24 hours. e-GEOS can also exploit its acquisition capability for other radar and optical data at Matera (Italy), Neustrelitz (Germany) as well as its partners’ ground stations.

With a specialized team and a dedicated crisis room, e-GEOS can provide rapid and effective response to emergency situations through the following services:

  • Hydrogeological Risk Maps and Flood Assessment
  • Earthquake damage assessment
  • Fire Detection and Extent Monitoring Maps
  • Siuation/trafficability maps for humanitarian aid

Go to the site where pre and post event maps are available.

Examples below:


Overview

Detail

IABG was contracted by the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) to update the satellite based Digital Landscape Modell of Germany (DLM-DE 2012). Compared to the previous project DLM-DE 2009 (already successfully completed by IABG), this update will also include land cover and land use codes awarded to all objects. As a result, this new set of three-dimensional data for Germany allows unprecedented areas of application. This project is due for completion by February 2014.

In April 2013, IABG was commissioned by the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) to update the so-called Digital Landscape Model of Germany (DLM-DE 2012). The supplementing and updating of spatial data for the area of the Federal Republic of Germany encompasses approximately 360,000 square kilometres. In IABG’s production centre, the “Geodata Factory” in Dresden, remote sensing experts will update the DLM-DE 2012 based on satellite image data. The starting point for the update are the edited ATKIS® database (ATKIS = Official Topographic-Cartographic Information System) and the DLM-DE 2009, which was also created with IABG involvement. The project is due for completion by February 2014.

In contrast with the DLM-DE 2009, which was still compiled on the basis of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) nomenclature, in the 2012 update a land cover and land use code will be awarded for all objects. Due to this segregation developed by the BKG, the complex landscape structures can be depicted with a high degree of realism in DLM-DE 2012. The minimum mapping area is 1 hectare, the minimum mapping length 15 metres. Specifically, thematic and geometric changes are included that had not previously been part of the DLM-DE. Existing objects are verified and corrected if necessary.

Mapping includes, for example, the recent enlargements of urban and industrial areas, and also changes in forest, field and meadow areas. Data are validated and updated by means of highly efficient, semi-automated data processing, saving time and money and ensuring the quality of the data. Using the BKG project guide as a basis, IABG developed detailed mapping instructions in order to achieve a homogeneous and efficient evaluation. Besides the mapping itself, the tasks include the implementation of the database schema and the preparation of a quality assurance plan. The development of appropriate software tools contributes both to an efficient mapping process as well as to quality assurance. The required standard of quality level was increased in comparison with 2009 to a total accuracy of 97.5 per cent.

The primary data source for mapping is, as in 2009, the German RapidEye satellite constellation. To cover Germany, 750 tiles of 25 × 25 km each are needed. Based on RapidEye AG’s excellent preparatory work the best scenes could be selected. Data acquisition is limited to the growing season of 2012. In addition, data from the European GMES program (GMES = Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) is used. These free data represent a high added value, in particular for tracking changes to forested or wooded areas.

Thus, a spatial data set is created for Germany that can serve many different sorts of applications in the fields of environment, agriculture, forestry, water conservation, transport, security and land-use planning. Particular beneficiaries are interdisciplinary issues: the new DLM-DE provides a current and reliable basis for the accurate surveying and environmental information required here. The land cover and land use codes of the new DLM-DE are subsequently used to derive the classes of the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) pan-European land-use mapping, carried out via a fully automated process at the BKG. This ensures that the Federal Republic of Germany can fulfil its commitment to register the CLC data set (reference year 2012) with the EU by the summer of 2014.


Source IABG